Інститут уповноважених у здійсненні Голодомору-геноциду 1932-1933 років в УСРР

Abstract

У дисертаційній роботі здійснено комплексний історичний аналіз інституту уповноважених, які стали організаторами і виконавцями Голодомору-геноциду 1932-1933 рр., організованого комуністичним тоталітарним режимом в УСРР. Діяльність уповноважених представлено на базі вперше використаних документів центральних, галузевих архівних фондів, польових досліджень із застосуванням сучасного теоретико-методологічного інструментарію. Проаналізовано становлення і функціонування інституту уповноважених в УСРР, на основі сучасних загальнонаукових і спеціальних методів дослідження, встановлено специфіку мобілізації «на село» уповноважених усіх рівнів, зокрема в рахунок «80»; «106»; «400»; «800»; «2340», виявлено кореляційні зв’язки у здійсненні геноциду українців комуністичним тоталітарним режимом. Структуровано форми і методи діяльності уповноважених у хлібозаготівельних кампаніях 1932 і 1933 рр. та узагальнено соціально-психологічні характеристики уповноважених. Окреслено недостатньо вивчені аспекти проблеми, визначено напрями подальших дослідницьких пошуків. In the thesis work the complex historical analysis of the institute of the commissioners who became practical executors of the crime of the Holodomor-genocide of 1932-1933 organized by the communist totalitarian regime in the USSR (Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic) is carried out. The activity of the commissioners is presented on the basis of the first used archival materials of central, branch field researches with application of modern theoretical and methodological tools. The policies of the communist totalitarian regime in the USSR and the Holodomor genocide led not only to catastrophic human losses, but also to large-scale distortions of the social structure of the Ukrainian society. The consolidation of the communist power vertical in Ukraine meant the spread of political and social practices introduced from Russia to Ukrainian ethnic lands. The declarative principle of internationalism meant the disguised idea of great-power chauvinism. Declaring recognition of the right of Ukrainians to self-determination, Lenin actually had plans for the gradual takeover of Ukrainian lands by Russia. The Bolsheviks did not intend to give real independence to Ukraine. The army, special services, and key People's Commissariats operating in the USSR were nothing more than branches of the relevant Russian agencies. Part of the power apparatus of Soviet Ukraine was formally separate, but even those people's commissariats, which were formally independent, did not have independence in decision-making. Control over them relied on a system of commissioners who acted at several levels. The process of formation and functioning of the institute of commissioners in the USSR is analyzed, on the basis of modern general scientific and special research methods, the specifics of mobilization of commissioners of all levels "to the village", in particular to account "80"; "106"; "400"; "800"; "2340" are established, correlations in the implementation of the genocide of Ukrainians by the communist totalitarian regime are discovered. The forms and methods of activity of the commissioners in the grain procurement campaigns of 1932 and 1933 are structured, and the socio-psychological characteristics of the commissioners in the grain procurement campaigns of 1932-1933 are summarized. Based on the analysis of historical material, the process of formation and functioning of the institute of commissioners is revealed. The state of scientific development of the topic, directions and tendencies of historical thought on the chosen problem is investigated. The study analyzes the party documentation of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b), the Central Committee of the CP(b)U for the period 1932-1933. A methodological analysis of the Holodomor discourse was carried out, especially in terms of functioning of the institute of commissioners and the disclosure of the names of the perpetrators of the crime of genocide. The process of deformation of the social structure of the Ukrainian society by the communist regime is revealed. The political and institutional principles of the emergence of the institute of commissioners in the USSR, the role and place of commissioners in the grain procurement campaign of the first half of 1932 are analyzed. The specific levers of influence and pressure of the commissioners on the Ukrainians during the seed and grain procurement campaigns of 1932–1933 were singled out. The commissioners were structured according to their official affiliation. The specifics of the functioning of "towing brigades" are revealed, the methods of pressure of the commissioners on Ukrainians are systematized. The characteristics of the socio-psychological portrait of the "commissioners" according to archival documents and materials are generalized, and the "portrait of the commissioner" according to oral historical sources is generalized. Theoretical and methodological principles of the study of cumulative radicalization and criminal activity of the commissioners and the understanding of the genocidal principles of the formation of the communist totalitarian regime were further developed. The tasks of the commissioners in the grain procurement campaigns of 1932-1933 were specified. Factual data and separate theoretical materials of the dissertation can be used in preparation of generalizing scientific works on history of Ukraine, social history, history of everyday life, textbooks, textbooks on history of Ukraine, museum expositions. Insufficiently studied aspects of the problem are indicated, the directions of future research are determined. The psychological consequences of the Holodomor-genocide among Ukrainians were personified in the impunity of the authorities, which spread the mood of externality (interpretations of all events in human life as those that depend solely on external forces, assertion of their own helplessness), moral decline and passivity. Many Ukrainians have convinced themselves that they are incapable of influencing their lives at all, as a result of which they have become very vulnerable to manipulation and prone to social, political and even cultural conformism. This psychological phenomenon can be transmitted transgenerationally, thanks to which even today a large part of Ukrainians experience problems with critical thinking, objective perception of the world around them, self-improvement and social development. The analysis can be useful in the activities of public authorities, public associations to find effective ways to form and strengthen the civil society.