Зварювальні технологі ї в УРСР в умовах науково-технічної революції другої половини ХХ ст.

Abstract

Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню особливостей та закономірностей розвитку пров ідни х технологій зварюв а ння плавленням та н аплавлення в другій половині ХХ століття. З’ясовано причин но -наслідков і взаємозв’язки розвитк у технологій і потреб промислового виробництва. Запропоновано авторську періодизац ію розвитку зварюв альни х технологій на основ і застосування нових джерел енерг ії т а принцип ів її використання. Висвітлено значення першої в св іті наукової комплексно ї програми розвитку зварюв ального виробництва , структ урних перетворень,запропонованих Інститутом електрозварювання для подал ьшої модерн ізац ії в ітчизняно ї науки й техн ік и. Установлено науково -техн ічн у значимість розробок ІЕЗ ім. Є.О. Патона та його внесок у виробництво зброї, п іслявоєнне відродження про мисловості УРСР . Досл іджен і найв ажлив іш і складни ки використання технолог ій з ’єднання для розв’язання проблем науково -техн ічн ого прогресу і, зокрема, розвитк у т аки х гал уз ей промислово ст і України, як ен ергетика, с удно і ракетобудування; всебічно розкривається внесок Інстит ут у електрозварювання ім. Є.О. Патона та ін ших установ у створення наукови х засад з варювання плавленням в друг ій половин і мин улого століття. Підкреслено вплив техноло гій виготовлення нап івфабри кат ів н а зварюван ість, значення розвитку методології визначення зварност і конструкц ійни х матеріал ів для подальшого розвитку науки . Розкриваєть ся ґенеза д угового зварювання в в углецевом у і інертном у газах і доведено, що в основі н ових видів зварюв ання лежать в ітчизнян і розробки. In dissert at io n t he co mplex and int egra l scient ific analys is o f deve lopment and int roduct ion o f welding and hist or y o f development of we lding product ion melt ing ar e execut ed in t he per iod of creat io n of t echnique o f new generat io n in shipbuilding, energy and rocket product ion in Ukraine. For research t he met hod o f analys is of t he s yst ems o f subst ant ial feat ures development o f welding processes of and sur facing is applied in it s dia lect ica l int erco mmunicat io n wit h t he wares o f t he responsible set t ing and to t he requ irement s t o mat er ials. A chrono logic sequence and hist orical necessit y o f improvement of t echnique are t aken int o account at research o n t he basis o f achievement s of science. For a divis io n int o t he per iods o f welding hist or y, power descr ipt io n o f processe s, general level o f development o f t echnique and sources of heat ing, are chosen. The basic vo lume o f resear ches referses t o t he per iod of t he beginning o f t he second half o f ХХ cent ur y adopt ed t he per io d of int ensive development of t echno logies of connect i o n. Techno logies, based on t he high co ncent rat io n of t her mal energy and const ruct io n mat er ials, able t o maint ain t he high loadings dur ing explo it at ion in ext reme t er ms, were invent ed in t his per iod. It is rot ined, t hat development of weld ing is in t he US SR, and t hen and in ot her count r ies, fro m 1930t h goes in accordance wit h t he co mplex program, first invent ed by E.O. Pat on. The Inst it ut e of t he elect r ic welding founded by him alr ead y in 1940t h became lead t he specia lized est ablishment in t he wor ld, where t he new t ypes of welding, high-per for mance equipment , mat er ials, were creat ed. Basic scient ific, t echnical and designer achievement s o f Pat on of scient ific schoo l ar e syst emat ized, relat ed to welding melt ing. Welding met allurgy is o ne o f basic const it uent s of we lding science. E WI and row of ot her organizat ions more t han half o f a cent ur y are jo int wit h 44 mat er ial scient ist , t hey are act ively part icipat ed met allurgist s, ro ll and ot her specia list s in cr eat ion o f mo der n mat er ials. T he result s of research o f dep endence of qualit y o f t he welded co nnect ion are in -process result ed fro m qualit y o f ready -t o -cook foods. The char act er of change o f propert ies o f new is st udied high - st rengt h st eels, allo ys of aluminium, t it an in t he t her mo mechanical affect ed zone. The ana lys is o f develo pment of cr it er ia o f det er minat ion o f weldabilit y o f mat er ials is pr esent ed by t he charact er ist ic of t he way o f beco ming t he separat e sect ions o f weld ing science. It is rot ined, t hat for a management and improvement of qualit y of met al o f gu y-sut ures melt ing apply influence and pressure o f flamingly-gas st ream t he magnet ic fie lds, by t he impuls ive change o f current . High operat ing propert ies o f allo ys are arr ived at due t o int roduct ion in t he co mplement o f parent met al o f such element s which at t he same t ime ar e worsened by weldabilit y. Most ready-t o -cook foods from such allo ys are passed workhardening. These and t he row of t echno logica l and met allur gical fact ors are det er mined dir ect io n o f development o f t echno logies o f we lding and sur facing. T he ways o f t he use o f high concent rat ion energ y sources are invest igat ional for weld ing o f moder n mat er ials. It is well-proven t he met hod o f hist orical and ret rospect ive analys is, t hat welding a fluxible elect rode in car bo n dio xide is developed on t he ba sis o f t echnique and mat er ials, applied wit h t he purpose of defence and allo ying in E WI in 1940t h. The analys is o f hist ory o f applicat io n o f hybr id and co mbined t echnologies o f weld ing and sur facing, execut ed for per iod fro m t he end o f XІX cent ur y, sho ws t hat one o f perspect ive ways o f development of welding t echno logies is t he rat ional use of possibilit ies o f t wo and more sources in t he area o f welding. Cr it er ia on which it is necessar y t o dist inguish bot h t ypes o f t echno logies are offer ed. An acquaint ance wit h hist or y o f int roduct io n o f welding in shipbuild ing shows t he influence on t he co nst ruct ion o f knot s, two -dimensio nal and by vo lu me sect ions, and o n t he who le corps of ships. Fro m t he middle of 1940t h for imp lement at ion o f guy -sut ures in lower posit io n t he mechanized arc welding is widely inculcat ed under a gumbo il. The effect ive mean o f mechanizat ion o f product ion o f spat ial st eel const ruct ions wa s int roduct ion o f arc welding a fluxible elect rode in car bo n dio xide and we lding a powder - like wir e. At t he same t ime pr inc iples will be per fect ed making, allowing t o develo p large- block bu ilding. At t he beginning o f 1960t h for making t he ship const ruct ions fro m aluminium and t it anic allo ys t echno logies of arc welding are developed in rare gases. The row of new t ypes o f weld ing was fir st t est ed and inculcat ed on t he shipbuilding factorie s of Ukr aine. I n part icular, t echno logies of t he cat hode -ray and laser welding, welding a 45 fr ict ion int er fusio n perspect ive for making o f t wo -dimens io nal sect ions appeared. However fro m t he large sizes o f corps. T he wide range o f welding t echno logies ar e used in a ship engineer, at making o f dr iver, efficient t hings and ot hers. In a power engineer, in t he equipment of nuclear power plant s, ramjet s, gas - pumping over t urbines and o t her wares of energy dur ing t he last decades t he no menclat ure o f co nst ruct ion mat er ials broadened consider ably. It is rot ined, as t echno logies of making o f responsible were invent ed wit h develo pment of energy, inc luding fro m zirco nium, vanadium and ot her T he aut omat ed cat hode-ray and laser processes developed mainly wit h t he purpose of decis io n o f proble ms o f power and ot her indust r ies o f engineer, and also knots o f space -rocket t echnique. It is nevert heless marked t hat as far as per fect ion o f radia l met hod s o f weld ing, t hey are inculcat ed in making o f t wo -dimensio nal sect ions fr om aluminiu m allo ys, foundat ions, scr ew - propeller s, wings fro m t it an, knot s of eng ines. At t he st udy o f evo lut io n o f space -r ocket t echnique infor mat io n is first syst emat ized about rocket s-t ransmit t ers, the sequence of development o f applicat ion o f welding t echno logies, feat ures o f making o f fuel t anks, lat t iced w ings, nozzles of engines, are descr ibed. A considerable cont r ibut ion is rot ined t o t he wor ld rocket product ion o f E.O. Pato n EWI, KB is «Sont h» and t he Sont h machine - building plant .